onus on Jeffery and White to not only stay healthy but pro

EnglishESPA?OLPortuguêsThe Perfect 100The first competition in the first modern Olympics in 1896 was the 100-meter dash, with American Thomas Burke winning gold in a time of 12 seconds. More than a century later, the 100 meters remains one of the more popular events at the Olympics, and the winning times have steadily improved. At the 2012 Games in London, Jamaican Usain Bolt won gold with an Olympic-record time of 9.63 seconds, nearly 2.5 seconds faster than Burke ran in 1896. (Bolt also holds the world record of 9.58, set at the 2009 world championships.)The 100-meter dash may be the fastest event at the Olympics, but there is so much that goes on during those 10 seconds. Heres a look at the science and technique in the race, along with the sprinters views of those 100 meters.By Jim Caple ? ESPN.comTHE STARTING BLOCKSWhen getting into the blocks, author Warren Doscher writes in The Art of Sprinting, the strongest leg should be in the forward pedal of the starting block [1]. The fingertips should be set just behind the starting line (not touching it) [2] with the arms mostly straight but the elbows unlocked [3].In addition to listening for the starters gun, sprinters are keen to have their feet properly set in the blocks. Bill FrakesListen for the gun Apart from the men wondering how they might beat Bolt, there is one thing sprinters say they are focused on after they position themselves in the starting blocks.Listen for the gun, says English Gardner, Americas top female sprinter. Nothing else matters but that. You cant do anything else until the gun goes off. The worst thing you can do is false start. Its one and done in our sport. I just try to listen for the gun and react.The rules used to be that you could false start once and be given a second chance. That was changed in 2003. You can even be disqualified if you start too soon after the gun fires. Research has shown that a person cannot hear the gun and react in under a tenth of a second. Therefore, if you start sooner than a tenth of a second after the gun, it will be considered a false start. And youre done.A lot of races are won and lost because a sprinter does not react properly to the gun, says two-time Olympic 100 medalist Ato Boldon of Trinidad and Tobago. You dont want to anticipate the gun; you want to react to it. Theres a difference. If you anticipate it and youre wrong, youre going to be out.You dont want to anticipate the gun; you want to react to it. Theres a difference. If you anticipate it and youre wrong, youre going to be out.In addition to listening for that starters pistol, Warren Doscher writes in The Art of Sprinting, sprinters must make sure their feet are properly set and that the balls of their feet, ankles, knees and hip joints are in alignment. Their head should be down. They should take a deep breath and hold it.And then, they must react to the gun.When getting into the blocks, author Warren Doscher writes in The Art of Sprinting, the strongest leg should be in the forward pedal of the starting block [1]. The fingertips should be set just behind the starting line (not touching it) [2] with the arms mostly straight but the elbows unlocked [3].THE FIRST 10 METERSThere are various types of starts, including the jump and the get up and go starts that may put you out front initially but wont help you. Writes Doscher: One can only accelerate forward when the foot is on the track applying backward force to it. During acceleration out of the blocks, a sprinter will drive out in a 45-degree angle [1], moving his arms in opposite directions in a large range of motion [2] with one arm driving forward and the other driving backward. After the starting gun fires, sprinters have to be careful too not straighten up too quickly. Ian Walton/Getty ImagesLike blinking, like breathingAmerican Justin Gatlin says the start is all about instinct.Im like, All right, Im waiting for the gun and getting set, says Gatlin, the 2004 Olympic 100 gold medalist. If youre thinking, Are my arms too wide, are my arms too close together? its over for you. You just have to go on instinct. Its like blinking, like breathing.Less experienced runners might try to rise up quickly and take quick steps to put themselves into an early lead, but two-time Olympic 100 gold medalist Carl Lewis differs. He says the key is not to take immediate quick steps, but to take longer, more powerful strides because that will help you farther along in the race.If your car runs out of gas, you dont go ahead and pull it, Lewis says. You get behind and push it. And when you push it, you stay on the first step and extend all the way until the next step. And all the way until you extend to the next step. And thats how you get out of the blocks.Thats exactly what I tell my young kids, says Boldon, now a track and field analyst for NBC Sports who also does some coaching. If you have to push something heavy, youre not going to push it from a 180-degree angle. You have to get some relative angle to the back of that car. Youre trying to overcome inertia and gravity in the first part of that race.There are various types of starts, including the jump and the get up and go starts that may put you out front initially but wont help you. Writes Doscher: One can only accelerate forward when the foot is on the track applying backward force to it. During acceleration out of the blocks, a sprinter will drive out in a 45-degree angle [1], moving his arms in opposite directions in a large range of motion [2] with one arm driving forward and the other driving backward. 20 METERSIn 2012, Jamaicas Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce, center, quickly kicked it into high gear while winning her second consecutive Olympic gold in the 100. Mark Ralston/AFP/GettyImagesSlowly but surely stand upBy now, the sprinters have pushed hard to get themselves moving, and hopefully they are more of a Ferrari than a Ford F650 truck. Its time to start speeding up without standing up too tall, too quickly.You dont want to rush your transition and snap your head up, because you have all this good momentum going forward, Boldon says. You want to slowly but surely stand up to your upright running position.You want to relax your head and stay low in a pushing position so your first 10-15 steps, which will get you to 20-25 meters, will be low, efficient and powerful.The total strides in the 100 range from 40-41 for Bolt to around 50 for the top women. Doscher writes that to lessen the braking effect of the foot when runners step on the ground, they should have their knees slightly bent when doing so. In Sprinting, author Ryan McGill says the runner should keep ground contacts as bouncy as they can, comparing it to running across hot coals.30 METERSAt this point, sprinters will generally have completed the start phase and will now be in the full running phase. Keep the body as relaxed as possible with shoulders down, leaning forward to maintain balance [1]. Feet land under hips with no overstride or excessive braking. There should be no wasted energy through torso rotation [2].Sprinters start to approach top speed after accelerating for the first 30 meters of the 100. VCG/VCG via Getty ImagesFastest part of the raceThe length of the stride can be more important than the quickness, which is one reason Bolt, who is 6-foot-5, is so fast. But just because you arent tall doesnt mean you still cant be fast. Trayvon Bromell is 5-9, but he was the first junior sprinter to beat the 10-second mark in the 100. He also finished second in the U.S. Olympic trials in 9.84, just four-hundredths of a second behind Gatlin.I said in the third grade that I wanted to be an Olympian, and people laughed at me, Bromell said afterward. Now Im here.Regardless of height, top sprinters will begin to reach their top speed shortly after reaching 30 meters in the acceleration phase.Its the fastest part of the race, Boldon says. Where youre going to get to your absolute top end speed, for most sprinters its from 35 to 55 meters in the race.At this point, sprinters will generally have completed the start phase and will now be in the full running phase. Keep the body as relaxed as possible with shoulders down, leaning forward to maintain balance [1]. Feet land under hips with no overstride or excessive braking. There should be no wasted energy through torso rotation [2].40 METERSDonovan Bailey knew not to look back while beating Frankie Fredericks, center, and Ato Boldon, right, at the 1996 Olympics. Getty Images/StaffNo peeking!One important aspect of the 100 is to always stay focused on yourself and the track ahead of you. Glancing to your left or right to see where your competitors are will only slow you down.You should be able to run 100 meters like a horse in the Kentucky Derby with blinders on, Boldon says. Nothing in the 100 should ever cause a sprinter to look to his left or right.Boldon knows that full well. He glanced over to Namibias Frankie Fredericks in the 1996 Olympics and fell behind him, which got him bronze rather than silver.I know more than most that you can do it, Boldon says, but you have to spend the rest of your life telling people why it cost you a medal in the Olympic Games.50 METERSRunners will be at peak speed halfway through the race. Stride length is generally more important than stride frequency [1]. Usain Bolts stride is about 8 feet per step.Justin Gatlin compares the middle of a 100-meter race to driving a car. Andy Lyons/Getty ImagesA lot like drivingAt this point, the sprinter is at his peak. He is upright and also running his fastest. How fast? The best will be running at 25 to 26 mph.In his book, Doescher says that in addition to keeping the body in alignment, the arms should be swung to the rear, with elbows slightly away from the sides and no arm crossover.What is it like halfway through the race?Its a lot like driving, Gatlin says. When youre driving, you understand what youre doing, but youre checking the mirrors, where youre at. OK, turn, turn signal. Its like youre going through the checks and balances of what you need to do to get down the race. So its the drive phase. Come out of the drive phase, run, stand tall, keep going.Runners will be at peak speed halfway through the race. Stride length is generally more important than stride frequency [1]. Usain Bolts stride is about 8 feet per step.60 METERSEnglish Gardner is so locked in at the 60-meter mark that she cant remember what she thinks about. Christian Petersen/Getty ImagesAnother worldGardner says she doesnt remember what goes on in her head at this point in the race.Im in another world, she says. Thats when my alter ego takes over. Im not even there anymore.Shes there, shes just focused on running. And winning.Gatlin says that at whatever speed he has reached at 60, Thats all I can hold. So I just have to bluff my way through. I need to get my way out ahead of the field. And hold on.70 METERSAll sprinters will slow down by this point. In addition to maintaining proper technique to keep from slowing too much, Ryan McGill, author of Sprinting, suggests that sprinters should wear sunglasses if the sun is out because squinting can slow you even more.While it can be hard for observers to tell, runners start slowing down after 70 meters. Tim Clayton/Corbis via Getty ImagesIts all an illusionWhen you watch a 100-meter race, you might think that a sprinter pulling away near the end is gaining speed on everyone. That is not the case. Everyone slows down by 70 meters, if not earlier. Boldon says the belief that some are able to get faster at this stage is a myth, or at least an illusion caused by seeing someone pulling ahead.Everybody in that last 35 to 40 meters is decelerating, Boldon says. If you see somebody pull away, its because they are decelerating less than the others. But everybody, no matter who they are, as long as you are a human, you are decelerating in that last third of the 100.It isnt that dramatic a drop -- Boldon says the best will slow down by maybe 2 mph - but it is enough to make the difference.At 70 meters, youve got to maintain and keep those knees up, says Bromell. People tend to get to 70 and think, Oh, Im going to kick it into another gear, but that doesnt happen. You actually end up pressing and slow down even faster.All sprinters will slow down by this point. In addition to maintaining proper technique to keep from slowing too much, Ryan McGill, author of Sprinting, suggests suggests that sprinters should wear sunglasses if the sun is out because squinting can slow you even more.80 METERSHow Bolts record 9.58-second 100-meter dash looks when broken down into 10-meter increments:As sprinters get closer to the finish line, they can use their peripheral vision to assess the situation in a close race. Jewel Samad/AFP/Getty ImagesDecisions, decisionsWhile sprinters are not supposed to look to their left or right, Boldon says at this point, they can begin to rely on their peripheral vision.If youre by yourself, you can sort of start planning how youre going to celebrate, he says. But if you have company, and even if youre not changing your gaze to left or right, youre thinking about assessing whats in your peripheral vision and thinking, All right. I have a slight lead, or I have a slight deficit to make up. And now youre thinking, Is this a deficit I can overcome with a lean at the tape? or Is this a lead I can protect with a good lean at the tape?So your peripheral vision becomes a real factor. Now you have to assess, Am I leading? Am I second? Am I third? You have a mental decision to make. All this is being processed in minute fractions of a second.Especially since you are getting close to the finish.How Bolts record 9.58-second 100-meter dash looks when broken down into 10-meter increments: source: speedendurance.com90 METERS5.8 Seconds: Time it takes a cheetah (64 mph) to cover 100 meters.Carl Lewis knew to stay relaxed over the final 10 meters during a semifinal race at the 1988 Olympics in Seoul. Focus On Sport/Getty ImagesDont get greedySprinters occasionally make terrible mistakes at this point. Gatlin did at last years world championships in Beijing. He was in the lead and had a chance to finally beat Bolt. Then he stumbled slightly, his arms began to flail and he lost to Bolt by an eyelash, 9.79 to 9.80.Gatlin says thats what caused him to lose that race: You get caught up in the excitement, you want more, you try to go for more, and you just lose yourself. You need to stay calm and run to the finish line.The lesson?Dont get greedy, Gatlin says. Theoretically, man is not supposed to run faster after 70 meters. So after 70 meters I have to be sure Im running strong, running tall and getting to the finish line. If I get greedy and start searching for something else, then Im losing all my technique, losing my balance. Going forward, going back, arms are flailing; youre reaching for something thats not there. Youre already there. And its like youre reaching for more. And once youre up there trying to get it, youre going to fall down.Lewis says the key is staying relaxed.Thats the hardest part of the 100 meters, he says. You need to stay relaxed and let the finish line come to you.5.8 Seconds: Time it takes a cheetah (64 mph) to cover 100 meters.THE FINISH LINE Leaning too early at the finish line can cost precious time in a tight race. Giuliano Bevilacqua/Corbis via Getty Images9.27 seconds: The time Australian physiologist and sports scientist Jeremy Richmond believes is achievable for humans. StoryLean ... but not too earlyGardner says that when she is running, a lot of times she gets into a zone where she doesnt see or hear anything from her competitors. Not until right before the line. And thats when, she says, I kind of snap out of it. OK, lean!Because times are based on when the trunk of a sprinters body crosses the line, leaning your body forward to that line can help you win. But if you lean too early, it also can make you lose.Most sprinters lean too early, Boldon says. You should lean on top of the line. A perfect lean comes almost when you are able to put your foot on finish line. Most guys who are falling apart form-wise or just desperate for the finish line will lean about a meter or two too early. So I try to tell my athletes, lean on top of the line as opposed to leaning to the line.If you lean too early, you actually rapidly increase your deceleration, and youve done more harm than good. So a lot of times an early lean will cost you the race rather than win you the race.In other words, you do not want to do anything that will slow you down further. You want to cross the line at the fastest speed possible. So lean at the very end. And then hope you somehow beat Bolt, who might already be getting ready to do his bow-and-arrow victory pose.9.27 seconds: The time Australian physiologist and sports scientist Jeremy Richmond believes is achievable for humans. StoryBolt on his 100-meter world recordTRAIL BLAZERS: TRACKING 100-METER TRENDS While the mens record in the 100 has been broken repeatedly over past decades -- going from 9.92 seconds in 1988 to 9.58 now -- the womens record has not. Florence-Griffith Joyner ran 10.49 in 1988, and the top sprint since then is 10.64 by American Carmelita Jeter in 2009. (This graph shows a selection of 100-meter records over time, not the complete progression.) Cheap Air Max Shoes Online . Bryzgalov stopped 25 shots on Saturday in the Oklahoma City Barons 4-1 victory over the Abbotsford Heat. The Oilers signed Bryzgalov to a one-year $2 million contract last Friday after shedding payroll by dealing defenceman Ladislav Smid to the Flames. Cheap Nike Air Max Wholesale . Thats not a comment on the suspension that banished the Portland Winterhawks general manager and coach from his Western Hockey League teams bench for most of the 2012-13 season. http://www.cheapchinaairmax.com/ . Marincin has played in two NHL games so far this season with two penalty minutes. The 21-year-old has three goals, four assists and a plus-5 rating in 24 games with the American Hockey Leagues Oklahoma City Barons this season. Cheap Air Max Shoes China . "No difference at all," chirped U.S. roommate and linemate James van Riemsdyk. "Its still the same cranky Phil. Cheap Air Max For Sale . In the lead up - which seemed to begin the moment Mike Geiger blew the whistle in Houston last Thursday night - the Impact rumour mill went into overdrive. The speculation went into meltdown mode, of the golden nugget variety. Minnesota has a gleaming new stadium. The Vikings are division champions for the first time in six years. Now theyre reeling from the loss of quarterback Teddy Bridgewater for the entire season.The headlines around the division sure have a purple shade.Theres still plenty of green, or rather Green Bay, left to repaint the NFC North horizon.Aaron Rodgers and the proud Packers have wide receiver Jordy Nelson back from the right ACL injury that kept him from playing in 2015, aiming for repossession of the title.Rodgers came back leaner after some dietary changes, recharged for another run at a Super Bowl trophy hes touched once -- five-plus years ago.My 12th season, all with the same team, its exciting, said Rodgers, who will turn 33 on Dec. 2. It actually gets a little sweeter I think every single year.Dethroning the Vikings would sure be delicious. Fittingly, the Packers will be Minnesotas opponent on Sept. 18 for their regular-season opener at U.S. Bank Stadium in front of a crowd of 66,000 and a Sunday night national TV audience.Bridgewater, who dislocated his left knee and tore the anterior cruciate ligament in practice last Tuesday, will be relegated to inspirational pregame speaker for that one.Were not looking for excuses. Were going to go out and fight like we always do, Vikings coach Mike Zimmer said after Bridgewater was hurt. Everybody can count us out if they want, but I think that would be the wrong thing to do.While it appears Shaun Hill will step in for now, the Vikings also acquired quarterback Sam Bradford from the Philadelphia Eagles on Saturday for a pair of draft picks, including a first-rounder in 2017.Keeping up with Minnesota and Green Bay will be a challenge for Detroit and Chicago, with the Lions trying to avoid replicating that 1-7 start in 2015 and the Bears burdened by a five-year absence from the playoffs.Heres a quick glance around the NFC North as this Great Lakes states quartet gets ready for the regular season:UNDER COVERThe Vikings have moved back inside after a two-year stint at the University of Minnesota while their $1.1 billion, ship-shaped, see-through venue was being built. The gawking will go on all season, with the translucent, space-age roof and the ground-to-ceiling glass on the front side giving the enclosed stadium an outdoor feel.The controlled climate ought to help a passing game that has lagged near the bottom of the league, but losing Bridgewater sure wont. Hill, a 15-year veteran, and Bradford will bbe aided by the additions this season of left guard Alex Boone and wide receiver Laquon Treadwell.ddddddddddddDIGGING INTo take back the division title theyve won eight times in 14 years, the Packers need some improvement on defense. Linebacker Clay Matthews has moved back outside to his natural position, after a solid performance playing inside to fill in.That has put the spotlight once again on the men in the middle, a position that has often been in flux during the past decade under coach Mike McCarthy.Jake Ryan and Sam Barrington are the expected starters for now. Ryan cracked the starting lineup down the stretch as a rookie fourth-round draft pick, and Barrington has been working his way back from a foot injury that cost him most of the season. The Packers ranked 21st and 23rd in yards rushing allowed in the NFL the past two years.AIR BEARSAlshon Jeffery was the only player who topped 500 yards receiving for the Bears last season, and calf, hamstring, groin and shoulder problems limited him to nine games. The seventh pick in the 2015 draft, Kevin White, missed his rookie season because of a stress fracture in his left shin. That left Jay Cutler without much to work with in the passing game.With stalwart running back Matt Forte and talented tight end Martellus Bennett gone, therell be even more onus on Jeffery and White to not only stay healthy but produce like a top-flight tandem. Jeremy Langford will be the featured runner, now that Forte has joined the New York Jets.GETTING GROUNDEDDetroits replacement of Calvin Johnson, following the star wide receivers surprise retirement at age 30, will be under scrutiny all fall. Newcomers Marvin Jones, Anquan Boldin and Andre Roberts, who have 25 seasons of experience in the league between them, are getting settled with quarterback Matthew Stafford to supplement Golden Tate.Running back Ameer Abdullah, along with third-down standout Theo Riddick, is really the one to watch, though. The Lions ranked last in the league in rushing yards last season when Abdullah was a rookie. Offensive coordinator Jim Bob Cooter, under whom Stafford thrived after a midseason change, has been tasked with establishing better balance.PREDICTED ORDER OF FINISHPackers, Vikings, Lions, Bears.---Online:AP NFL website: http://www.pro32.ap.org and AP NFL coverage on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/AP-NFL ' ' '